University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics

Heart & Cancer Resource Center

All Ages

Prevention

Birth to age 10

  • Do not play in the direct sun between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Use sunscreen on children over 6 months, when playing outdoors. Read the sunscreen label to learn how often to re-apply the sunscreen. Dress children in fabrics with tight weave, such as cotton. Dress them in darker colors as they have more protection from the sun’s rays.
  • Encourage 5 fruits and vegetable servings a day for children over 2. Make sure they actually eat a full serving, not just a few bites.
  • Plan physical activities (biking, hiking) for the whole family
  • Encourage children to be active rather than watching TV/computer games.
  • Do not take children into enclosed areas where there is second-hand smoke
  • Parents need to be role models for their children for healthy eating and exercise.

Ages 10-18

  • Know your appropriate weight and keep your weight at that level.
  • Do not go in the sun without using a sunscreen. Reapply sunscreen after swimming and according to the directions on the sunscreen label. Wear dark clothing with a tight weave, such as cotton when spending lots of time outdoors.
  • Don't use tanning booths.
  • Choose low fat, low salt snacks over fat and salt laden snacks.
  • Eat 5-7 fruits and vegetables a day.
  • Stay physically fit and active.
  • Choose not to be a couch potato
  • Don't smoke or use tobacco products.
  • Do not go in enclosed areas where there is second-hand smoke.
  • Choose not to drink alcohol.
  • Choose not to have unprotected sex.
  • Parents need to be role models for their children for healthy eating and exercise habits.

All Ages

  • Check your home for cancer-causing agents, such as asbestos and radon.
  • Do not use lawn products, such as insecticides or bug spray around children.

Screening

  • See the doctor according to their recommendations for well child/adolescent check-ups and immunizations. Hepatitis B can lead to liver cancer.
  • Females should have annual pap and pelvic exams for cervical cancer once they become sexually active.

Age 18-39

Prevention

  • Control your calorie intake to reach or stay at your ideal body weight.
  • Follow a low fat (30% of total calories), high fiber (20-30 gm/day) diet.
  • Eat 5-9 fruits and vegetables a day.
  • Eat charcoal grilled meats only occasionally, if at all. Marinating lean meats in citrus or olive oil lowers the formation of cancer causing substances thus making grilling healthier.
  • Exercise 30 minutes a day five times a week.
  • Do not smoke or use tobacco products.
  • Do not go into enclosed areas where there is second-hand smoke.
  • If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation (1 drink/day for females; 2 drinks/day for males).
  • Practice safe sex.
  • Check your home for cancer-causing agents, such as asbestos and radon.
  • Use protective clothing if using possibly harmful materials, such as lawn pest products.
  • Avoid exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such as solvents (benzene).
  • Do not go in the sun without protective clothing and sunscreen.

Screening

Health maintenance exam—every 5 years.

This "well exam" is a chance to identify any risk factors that may lead to cancer or other chronic diseases. Discuss what you can do to prevent cancer with your health care provider.

Women

All women should have a breast exam every 2-3 years by a doctor or health care provider.

Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines

All women should begin cervical cancer screening about 3 years after they begin having vaginal intercourse. All women over age 21 should have regular cervical cancer screening, as well. Screening should be done every year with the regular Pap test or every 2 years using the new liquid based Pap test.

For women over age 30, who have had 3 or more normal Pap tests in a row and no abnormal Pap tests results in the last 10 years, may be tested every 2-3 years with conventional or liquid based Pap test.

Ages 40-49

Prevention

  • Control your calorie intake to reach or stay at your ideal body weight.
  • Follow a low fat (30% of calories), high fiber (20–30 gm/day) diet.
  • Eat 5–9 fruits and vegetables a day.
  • Eat charcoal grilled meats only occasionally, if at all. Marinating lean meats in citrus or olive oil lowers the formation of cancer causing substances thus making grilling healthier.
  • Exercise 30 minutes a day five times a week.
  • Do not smoke or use tobacco products.
  • Do not go in enclosed areas where there is second hand smoke.
  • If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation (1 drink/day for females; 2 drinks/day for males).
  • Practice safe sex.
  • Check your home for cancer–causing agents, such as asbestos and radon.
  • Use protective clothing if using possibly harmful chemical, such as lawn pest products.
  • Avoid exposure to cancer–causing chemicals, such as those in solvents (benzene).
  • Do not go in the sun without protective clothing and sunscreen.

Screening

Health maintenance exam–every 2–3 years.

This "well exam" is a chance to learn your risk factors that may lead to cancer or other chronic diseases. Discuss your risk factors and what you can do to prevent cancer with your doctor.

There are three national groups that make recommendations about how often screening tests (tests for people having no symptoms) should be done. These groups are the American Cancer Society, National Cancer Institute, and the United States Preventative Services Task Force. Sometimes these three groups vary slightly in their recommendations. All three groups’ recommendations are given in instances where they vary.

Women

Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines

  • Breast exam every 1–2 years by a doctor/nurse practitioner.
  • Baseline mammogram around age 40 and then every 1–2 years

Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines

All women should begin cervical cancer screening about 3 years after they begin having vaginal intercourse. All women over age 21 should have regular cervical cancer screening, as well. Screening should be done every year with the regular Pap test or every 2 years using the new liquid based Pap test.

For women over age 30, who have had 3 or more normal Pap tests in a row and no abnormal Pap tests results in the last 10 years, may choose to be tested every 2-3 years with conventional or liquid based Pap test.

Men

Prostate Cancer Screening Guidelines

Testing for prostate cancer is controversial. There are three types of tests available. Each test can produce false results. This can lead to unnecessary treatments which could be harmful. Research is being done to learn the best way to screen for prostate cancer. Talk with your doctor about what is best for you.

Men at high risk should begin testing at age 45.

High risk men are:

  • African Americans
  • Men with a strong family history of one or more first degree relatives diagnosed at an early age
  • Men at even higher risk, due to multiple first-degree relatives who got prostate cancer at an early age, could begin testing at age 40. Depending on the results of this initial test, no further testing may be needed until age 45.

Prostate Screening Guidelines

American Cancer Society (ACS)

Both the prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test and digital rectal examination (DRE) should be offered every year, starting at age 50. With strong family history, the tests should be offered earlier. Men who have at least a 10-year life expectancy should be offered the tests as well.

Information should be provided to all men about what is known about the pros and cons of early detection and treatment of prostate cancer. These facts can assist men to make an informed decision about screening.

National Cancer Institute

There is not enough evidence to conclude if screening for prostate cancer with PSA or digital rectal exam reduces death from prostate cancer. Screening tests are able to detect prostate cancer at an early stage, but it is not clear if this earlier detection and earlier treatment leads to any change in the outcome of the disease.

United States Preventative Services Task Force

The US Preventative Services Task Force does not recommend routine screening with digital rectal exam, PSA blood test or transrectal ultrasound. Patients who request testing should be given information about the possible benefits and harms of early detection and treatment. The man should then discuss these issues with his doctor.

Ages 50–64

Prevention

  • Control your calorie intake to reach or stay at your ideal body weight.
  • Follow a low fat (30% of calories), high fiber (20–30 gm/day) diet.
  • Eat 5–9 fruits and vegetables a day.
  • Eat charcoal grilled meats only occasionally, if at all. Marinating lean meats in citrus or olive oil lowers the formation of cancer–causing substances thus making grilling healthier.
  • Exercise 30 minutes a day five times a week.
  • Do not smoke or use tobacco products.
  • Do not go into enclosed areas where there is second-hand smoke.
  • If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation (1 drink/day for females; 2 drinks/day for males).
  • Practice safe sex.
  • Check your home for cancer causing agents, such as asbestos and radon.
  • Use protective clothing during exposure to possible harmful substances, such as lawn chemicals.
  • Avoid exposure to cancer causing chemicals and materials such as solvents (benzene).
  • Do not go in the sun without protective clothing and sunscreen.

Screening

Health maintenance exam—every 1–2 years.

This "well exam" is a chance to learn of any risk factors that may lead to cancer or other chronic diseases. Talk to your doctor about what you can do to prevent cancer.

There are three national groups that make recommendations about how often screening tests (tests for people having no symptoms) should be done. These groups are the American Cancer Society, National Cancer Institute, and the United States Preventative Services Task Force. Sometimes these three groups vary slightly in their recommendations. All three groups’ recommendations are given in instances where they vary. Talk with your doctor about how often you should have testing done.

Colorectal Cancer Screening Guidelines

American Cancer Society

Beginning at age 50, men and women should have one of these tests:

  • Fecal occult blood test (stool test for blood) every year
  • Flexible sigmoidoscopy every five years
  • Fecal occult blood test every year and flexible sigmoidoscopy every five years
  • Colonoscopy every 10 years
  • Double contrast barium enema every five years
National Cancer Institute (NCI)

The National Cancer Institute supports screening for colorectal cancer. There are five exams that can detect colorectal cancer. People should talk with their health care provider about when to begin screening for colorectal cancer, what tests to have, the benefits and risks of each test, and how often to schedule appointments.

US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF)

The USPSTF strongly recommends that men and women 50 years or older be screened for colorectal cancer. The USPSTF found good evidence that periodic fecal occult blood testing reduces death from colorectal cancer. It found fair evidence that sigmoidoscopy alone or in combination with fecal occult blood testing reduces death of colorectal cancer.

Women

Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines

American Cancer Society
  • Yearly mammograms starting at age 40 and continuing for as long as a woman is in good health.
  • Clinical breast exams should be part of a periodic health exam, about every year.
  • Women should report any breast change promptly to their doctor. Breast self-exam is an option for women
National Cancer Institute

Screening by mammogram, clinical breast examination, or both may decrease breast cancer deaths. The benefit is not certain due to the variable quality of the evidence and lack of consistent results across studies.

US Preventative Services Task Force

Routine screening for breast cancer every one to two years, with mammogram alone or mammogram and annual examination by a health professional is recommended for women ages 50-69.

Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines

All women should begin cervical cancer screening about 3 years after they begin having vaginal intercourse. All women over age 21 should have regular cervical cancer screening, as well. Screening should be done every year with the regular Pap test or every 2 years using the new liquid based Pap test.

For women over age 30, who have had 3 or more normal Pap tests in a row and no abnormal Pap tests results in the last 10 years, may be tested every 2–3 years with conventional or liquid based Pap test.

Men

Testing for prostate cancer is controversial. Three types of tests are available, each one of which can produce false results. This can lead to unnecessary treatments which could be harmful. Research is being done to learn the best way of screening for prostate cancer. Talk with your doctor about what is best for you.

Prostate Screening Guidelines

American Cancer Society (ACS)

Both the prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test and digital rectal exam (DRE) should be offered every year, starting at age 50. With strong family history, the tests should be offered earlier. Men who have at least a 10–year life expectancy should be offered the tests as well.

Information should be provided to all men about what is known about the pros and cons of early detection and treatment of prostate cancer. These facts can assist men to make an informed decision about screening.

National Cancer Institute

There is insufficient evidence to conclude if screening for prostate cancer with PSA or digital rectal exam reduces death from prostate cancer. Screening tests are able to detect prostate cancer at an early stage, but it is not clear if this earlier detection and earlier treatment leads to any change in the outcome of the disease.

United States Preventative Services Task Force

The US Preventative Services Task Force does not recommend routine screening with digital rectal exam, PSA blood test or transrectal ultrasound. Patients who request testing should be given information about the possible benefits and harms of early detection and treatment. The patient should then discuss these issues with his doctor.

Ages 65 and older

Prevention

It is never too late to work at preventing cancer. Even after age 65, a healthy lifestyle will help improve your overall health and reduce your risk of developing cancer.

  • Control your calorie intake to reach or stay at your ideal body weight.
  • Consume a low fat (30% of total calories), high fiber (20–30 gm/day) diet.
  • Eat 5–9 fruits and vegetables a day.
  • Eat charcoal grilled meats only occasionally, if at all. Marinating lean meats in citrus or olive oil lowers the formation of cancer-causing substances thus making grilling healthier.
  • Exercise 30 minutes a day five times a week, if tolerated. Ask your doctor how much exercise would be good for you.
  • Do not smoke or use tobacco products.
  • Do not go in enclosed areas where there is second–hand smoke.
  • If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation (1 drink/day for females; 2 drinks/day for males).
  • Check your home for cancer–causing agents, such as asbestos and radon.
  • Use protective clothing during exposure to possible harmful substances such as lawn chemicals.
  • Avoid exposure to cancer–causing chemicals and materials such as solvents (benzene).
  • Do not go in the sun without protective clothing and sunscreen.

Screening

Health maintenance exam—every 1-2 years.

The "well exam" is a chance to learn risk factors that may lead to cancer or other chronic diseases. Discuss what you can do to prevent and detect cancer early with your health care provider.

There are three national groups that make recommendations about how often screening tests (tests for people having no symptoms) should be done. These groups are the American Cancer Society, National Cancer Institute and the United States Preventative Services Task Force. Sometimes these three groups vary slightly in their recommendations. All three groups’ recommendations are given in instances where they vary. Talk with your doctor about how often you should have testing done.

Colorectal Cancer Screening Guidelines

American Cancer Society

Beginning at age 50, men and women should follow one of these tests:

  • Fecal occult blood test (stool test for blood) every year
  • Flexible sigmoidoscopy every five years
  • Fecal occult blood test every year and flexible sigmoidoscopy every five years
  • Colonoscopy every 10 years
  • Double contrast barium enema every five years
National Cancer Institute (NCI)

The National Cancer Institute supports screening for colorectal cancer. There are five exams that can detect colorectal cancer. People should talk with their health care provider about when to begin screening for colorectal cancer, what tests to have, the benefits and risks of each test, and how often to schedule appointments.

US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF)

The USPSTF strongly recommends that men and women 50 years or older be screened for colorectal cancer. The USPSTF found good evidence that periodic fecal occult blood testing reduces death from colorectal cancer. It found fair evidence that sigmoidoscopy alone or in combination with fecal occult blood testing reduces death of colorectal cancer.

Women

Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines

American Cancer Society
  • Yearly mammograms starting at age 40 and continuing for as long as a woman is in good health.
  • Breast exams should be part of a periodic health exam, every year.
  • Women should report any breast change promptly to their doctor. Breast self-exam is an option for women
National Cancer Institute

Screening by mammography and clinical breast exams in women 40-70 decreases breast cancer mortality. The benefit is higher for older women, in part, because breast cancer risk is higher in older women.

US Preventative Services Task Force

Routine screening for breast cancer every one to two years, with mammography alone or mammography and annual examination by a health professional is recommended for women up to age 70, should their life expectancy not be compromised by other disease.

Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines

Women 70 years and older who have had three or more normal Pap test results and no abnormal results in the last 10 years may choose to stop cervical cancer screening.

Men

Testing for prostate cancer is controversial. Three types of tests are available. Each test can produce false results. This can lead to unnecessary treatments that could be harmful. Research is being done to learn the best way of screening for prostate cancer. Talk with your doctor about what is best for you.

Prostate Screening Guidelines

American Cancer Society (ACS)

Both the prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test and digital rectal exam (DRE) should be offered every year, starting at age 50. Men who have at least a 10-year life expectancy should be offered the tests, as well.

Information should be provided to all men about what is known about the pros and cons of early detection and treatment of prostate cancer. These facts can help men make informed decisions about screening.

National Cancer Institute

There is insufficient evidence to conclude if screening for prostate cancer with PSA or digital rectal exam reduces death from prostate cancer. Screening tests are able to detect prostate cancer at an early stage, but it is not clear if this earlier detection and earlier treatment leads to any change in the outcome of the disease.

United States Preventative Services Task Force

The US Preventative Services Task Force does not recommend routine screening with digital rectal exam, PSA blood test, or transrectal ultrasound. Patients who request testing should be given information about the possible benefits and harms of early detection and treatment. The patient should then discuss these issues with his doctor.