University of Iowa Health Science Relations and
Loreen Herwaldt, MD
Professor of Internal Medicine/Epidemiology
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

New reports of deaths caused by bacterial meningitis often raise questions. This rare disease can be life-threatening, but it is treatable and preventable if discovered early.

"Meningitis, in general, is an infection or inflammation of the lining around the brain and spinal column," says Dr. Loreen Herwaldt, associate professor of internal medicine at the University of Iowa College of Medicine and hospital epidemiologist with UI Hospitals and Clinics.

It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, chemicals, or drugs but the bacterial forms of the disease are most serious. Bacterial meningitis and the bloodstream infections that accompany it require prompt treatment with intravenous antibiotics. Viral meningitis is less serious and can usually be treated with fluids, pain medication, and rest.

Left untreated, bacterial meningitis and related bloodstream infections can cause severe damage to the brain and other organs, or death. That's why early recognition of symptoms is important, Herwaldt says. "Symptoms include high fever, headache, stiff neck, skin rash, and arthritis," she notes. "Anyone who has a headache and high fever should see a physician or go to an emergency room immediately."

Meningococcal meningitis is one form of bacterial menengitis. Though not highly contagious like the flu, meningococcal disease can be transmitted by close contact. Many people carry the bacteria without becoming sick, and most people are not at risk of getting the disease unless they have close contact with someone who has it. People under age 30 who have not already developed an immunity are the most susceptible, especially those living in close quarters, such as military barracks or college campuses and residence halls.

"Everyone who's had close contact with someone who has meningococcal meningitis should see a physician for preventive treatment, before they have symptoms," Herwaldt suggests. Common preventive treatments are Rifampin and ciprofloxacin. There is also a vaccine that is effective in preventing most types of meningococcal meningitis. It is very safe and protects about 90 percent of those who receive it. Immunity induced by the vaccine is usually effective for three to five years.

If you have any of the symptoms of bacterial meningitis or have questions about prevention or treatment, contact your physician.