Matthew, a first grader, joined a soccer league this spring. Even first-graders can kick hard enough to bruise tender shins and ankles, so his parents bought a pair of shin guards, a mouth guard, and other protective gear for Matthew.

"It's important for boys and girls to wear protective equipment, including mouth guards to protect their teeth. Shin guards help prevent bruises on the lower legs," says Dr. David Tearse, associate professor of orthopaedic surgery at the University of Iowa College of Medicine and staff physician at UI Hospitals and Clinics.

"Bruises occur from direct kicks to the shin, and can largely be prevented by wearing shin guards." Shin guards with hard plastic stays or ribs are the most protective type, he says. "Foam guards are not as protective as the hard plastic guards. The guards should be worn over one pair of socks and under another pair. The pair of outside socks keep the stays in place and from catching on another player's legs," Tearse says.

The ankle is another region that needs protection. "Players can wear the new stirrup guards that have foam inserts around the ankles," Tearse says. "These are best for protecting the ankles because they provide good protection and still allow mobility."

Soccer goalies should wear added protection, including padded shorts, gloves, and elbow and knee pads. "Goal keepers are more likely to fall on the ground or get hit by a flying ball, so more protection is needed. Goal keepers most commonly injure their hands, head, and teeth," he says.

Here are some tips on safety and staying warm while playing soccer:

• Mouth guards are recommended for all contact sports. These may be purchased at discount stores, some pharmacies, or from your dentist.
• Wear two pairs of socks to absorb shock during play, and to keep the feet warm.
• Hand-stitched soccer balls are softest, especially when the ball comes into contact with a youngster's head.
• Shoes should fit properly and be tied on securely. Also, plastic cleated shoes work well on muddy fields.
• Turtlenecks can be worn under uniform jerseys to add extra warmth. Light gloves will help keep fingers and hands warm.
• Sliding pants keep the thigh muscles warm and help prevent skin burns during play.
• Wear warm-up suits before games to keep muscles warm and agile for play.

For more information about shin guards and other protective gear, talk to your family physician.