Emphysema

Emphysema is a chronic disease that makes it hard to breathe because of changes in the lungs. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are referred to as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD. COPD is the fourth leading and the most rapidly increasing cause of death in the United States.

In emphysema, the walls of the air sacs in the lungs break down and over-inflate. This affects the lungs' ability to use oxygen. Symptoms include chronic cough, shortness of breath, and recurrent lung infections. The breathing difficulties can decrease the person's ability to perform daily chores. Advanced cases of emphysema can result in severe breathing difficulty.

Although smoking is the major cause of emphysema, other factors, such as exposure to air pollution, dust, fumes, and irritants, may contribute to emphysema. In addition, there is a hereditary form of emphysema that is caused by a deficiency of a protein known as alpha1-antitrypsin.

Treatment for emphysema is aimed at symptom relief and preventing progression of the disease. The most important thing is to quit smoking. Smoking cessation programs are available to help with this. Breathing exercises can help strengthen the muscles used for breathing. Sometimes breathing medications may be prescribed that temporarily open the airways. Occasionally, relaxation techniques are helpful during times of stress. Avoiding high altitudes and pollutants (such as car exhaust, smog, and cigarette smoke) can also reduce the symptoms of emphysema. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs are helpful for some people with emphysema. They combine exercise, breathing retraining, education, and support to help achieve and maintain independence and quality of life.

People with emphysema should notify their healthcare provider if they develop a cold or the flu. Antibiotics might be required to reduce or prevent their symptoms from worsening. The provider will also suggest proper daily diet, rest, and exercise to maintain the body's ability to fight infection. Receiving the pneumonia shot and an annual flu shot are recommended for people with emphysema.

Last Reviewed 2005

Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.

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